10th Social Science 2Marks Material - Tamilyoungsters

1.IMPERIALISM

1.Define imperialism?
The word imperialism is indefined in three ways
The term imperialism refers to the policy of extending a countrys rule over the others. It is policy of aggressive behaviour of one state against another. It also refers to a countys dominant over the political and economic interest of another nation to exploit its natural resources.
2.What is colonialism?
Colonialism refers to the policy of acquiring and maintaining colonies especially for exploitation. It also means that it is a relationship between an indigenous majority and a minority foreign invaders.
3.Write adoutmilitary imperialism?
The USA invasion against Iraq with its military power, forced it to have another sort of government favourable to the USA. This is called military imperialism.
4.How do you say that the Industrial Revolution is an important cause for the rise of imperialism?
The industrial revolution created a great demand for raw materials in European countries. They were forced to find new markets for their finished products. They could not find market in Europe as they followed PROTECTIVE TRADE POLICY As a result they had to acquire new countries in Asian and African coutinents.
5.What do you know about economic or tariff control?
Some powerful nations took over the complete change of the finances of a weak and bakeward, or its tariff system. This method was called economic or tariff control. For example before World War 1 the Turkish economic system was controlled by the Ottoman Public Debt Administration.
6.Write a short note on mandate system?
The Mandate system was the last form of the new imperialism. It emerged at the Paris Peace Conference(1919), at the suggestion of General Jan Smut of South Africa. The former colonies and other backward regions were assigned to the League of Nations. The League delegated its authority, subject to some restrictions, to various states as its agents or “mandatories”.
7.What were the causes for the first opium war?
The British grew opium in India and sold it in China. The Chinese did not like it. They thought that their peace was disturbed by opium trade. The Europeans had to pay high customs duties. Also the Chinese tried to curb the import trade in opium. The Europeans were irritated at this. In 1800 the import of opium was forbidden by the Chinese government. It affected the British very much. So they resorted to war against China in 1839. This was First Opium war.
8.How did China become an international colony?
The combined army of the foreign powers defeated the Boxers. They marched to peking, the capital of China. Empress Dowager fled the capital. The U.S.A and England formulated the Open Door Policy or “Me too policy”. The Chinese territories were partitioned among the foreign power for trade rights. Thus China became an international colony.
9.Write a note on Taiping Rebellion?
The Americans, the French and some other countries signed various treaties with China. So in 1854 the Chinese rebelled against the native Manchu kings and the foreigners. This rebelled was known as Taiping rebellion.
10.What is meant by political imperialism?
The British conquered territories in India and appointed their own officers and changed the existing political structure. This is called political imperialism.
11.What were the provisions of the Treaty of Nanking?
According to the Treaty of Nanking, China gave up the island of Hong Kong permanently to England. Its also opened five ports to the British traders. The English were also given extra territorial jurisdiction in criminal cases.
12.What were the causes for the Second Opium War?
The foreigners demanded more ports for trade. The Chinese government rejected the demand. The British and French bombarded and captured Canton n 1857. It was called the Second Opium War.
13.Bring out the result of the Second Opium War?
In the Second Opium War the Chinese were defeated. The Treaty of Peking was signed in 1860. The Chinese gave up the port of Kowloon to Britain. China was forced to open more ports for the import of opium.

2.FIRST WORLD WAR A.D.1914-A.D.1918

1.Why did Germany need colonies?
Colonies were a sign of her world importance. She needed colonies to get raw materials. Also she needed colonies for her growing population.
2.Write a note on Moroccan problem?
When French occupied Morocco it was recognized by Britain. But it was opposed by Kaiser William11 of Germany. He wanted to declare Morocco an international colony. So he two warships-Berlin and panther to Morocco. When Britain intervened, Germany withdrew her ships from Morocco. So Germany wanted to revenge Britain.
3.What was the immediate cause of the First World War?
In June 28, 1914 the Austrain crown prince Francis Ferdinand and his wife lsabella were assassinated by a Serbian lad at Serajevo, the capital of Bosnia. Austria sent an ultimatum to Serbia with humiliating terms. When Serbia ignored the ultimatum, Austria declared war on Serbia on 28th July 1914.
4.Explain war in the Eastern front?
The Russian forces attacked both Germany and Austria. But Russia was defeated at the battle of Tennenberg. When Austria was facing a crisis, Germany came to its help. The German forces inflicted heavy losses on the withdraw from the Austrian territories.
5.Write a short note on war on the Sea?
The British navy commanded the North sea. The Mediterranean sea was dominated by the French and Italian navy with the British support. In the battle of Dogger bank a German battle cruiser was destroyed by the British. In the Battle of Jutland the losses on both sides were heavy. The German fleet retreated to the port. Then Germany used submarines to sink the ships of the Allies.
6.Why did America enter the First World War?
In 1917 Germany drowned four merchant ships of America, including Lusitania with her submarines. More than hundred Americans died in this incident. It made the American President Woodrow angry . Hence America entered the war.
7.Mention any two terms of the Treaty of Versailles?
The covenant of the Langue of Nations was drawn up. A huge war indemnity was imposed on Germany. Her army was reduced.
8.Wrire any two fundamental principles of the Langue of Nations?
It should improve the unity among nations and keep peace and security in the world. The member nations should respect and safeguard the frontiers of the neighbouring nation without indulging in act of aggression.
9.What are the organs of the League of Nations?
The General Assembly, The Council, The Secretariat, The international Court of Justice, International Labour Organization.
10.List out two causes for the failure of the League of Nations?
The President of America was responsible for founding the League of Nations. But America could not become a member of the League. Hence the League looked like a building without deep foundation. Whenever the member nation were not happy with the attitude of the League, they were permitted to go out.
11.Write a short note on The Balkan problem?
The Balkan countries proclaimed their independence from the Ottoman empire. They declared war on Turkey. This is the First Balkan war. Turkey was defeated. The war came to an end by the Treaty of London. Dispute arose between Serbia and Bulgaria in sharing the spoils of war. All the Balkan countries joined together and defeated Bulgaria. Now Bulgaria and Turkey approached Germany for help to regain territories. It resulted in the war.
12.Why was France interested in the First World War?
France lost Alsace and Lorraine to Germany during the Franco-Prussian war. France thought that the industrial development of Germany was due to those territories. So France was waiting for a change to get back those territories from Germany.
13.Who were the main personalities of the Paris Peace Conference?
Clemenceau of France, Lloyd George of Britain, Orlando of Italy, Woodrow Wilson of America.  

3. WORLD BETWEEN THE WARS- A.D.1919- A.D.1939

1.what were the causes for the Great Economic Depression?
The main cause of the depression was the collapse of American share market. The share market collapse was due to speculation on borrowed money.
2.Write a note on national Industrial Recovery Act?
The National Industrial Recovery Act was passed to reform the conditions of the workers by raising wages and lowering their working hours.
3.What do you know about Agricultural Adjustment Act?
The Agricultural Adjustment Act was passed to provide compensation to farmers who curtailed agricultural production to raise prices.
4.why is the economic depression of 1930s called `great depression’?
It is called as it adversely affected almost all the great of the world except USSR. The Great Depression which began in USA extremely affected the European countries also.
4. FASCISM ITALY A.D.1922- A.D.1945
1.What does the term `Fascism’ mean?
The term `Fascism’ is derived from the Latin word `Fasces’. It means a bundle or group.
2.What were the four pillars of Fascism?
The four pillars of Fascism were charismatic leadership, single party rule under a dictator, terror and economic control.
3.Trace the reasons for the rise of Fascism?
The economic condition of Italy was in distress.
The national debt increased manifold.
There was social unrest.
The prices of essential goods shot up.
On account of the revolutionary ideas of the socialist, unrest had spread in Italy.
So the situation demanded a bold leadership. This condition favoured the rise of Fascism.
4.How did Mussolini seize power?
On October 30, 1922, the Fascists organized a march to Rome and showed their strength.
The government surrendered.
The emperor Victor Emanuel 111, invited Mussolini to form the Government.
Mussolini came to power.
The prices of essential goods shot up.
Cost of living was very high.
There was great dismay and frustraction among the people.
Thus the Fascist seized power without blood shed. But after that there was suppression, murder and exile.
Soon Mussolini became a dictator.
5.Write any two achievements of Mussolini?
Mussolini established peace and order and he provided a stable government.
He brought order and discipline in the industrial field.
He issued the Charter of Labour. It is provided great relief to workers.
6.How did Mussolini put an end to the conflict between the Pope and king?
The Lateran Treaty was signed between the Pope and Mussolini in 1929.
By this treaty Mussolini recognized the papacy of the Pope in the Vatican city.
In turn the Pope recognized the sovereignty of the king in Rome . Thus the conflict between the Pope and the king came to an end.
7.What were the aims of Fascism?
Exaltation of the State
Protection of private property
Spirited foreign policy.
8.What was the foreign policy of Mussolini?
Mussolini followed a vigorous and forward foreign policy.
He wanted to raise the prestige of Italy in the eyes of all countries of the world.

5. NAZISM IN GERMANY A.D.1933- A.D.1945

1.what did Hitler declare?
Hitler declared `One People, One state and One leader’.
2.What did he made do in 1923? What was the result?
In 1923, he made an attempt to capture power. It is known as `Beer Hal Revolution’.
But he failed in his attempt.
As a result, he was arrested and sentenced to 5 years of imprisonment.
3.How did Hitler become the Chancellor of Germany?
Under the leadership of Hitler, the Nazi party grew in power and number.
In the election of 1932 the Nazi party become the second largest party in the German Parliament.
In 1933, the Nazists become the largest party in the parliament and Hitler become the Chancellor.
4.Write a brief note on Munich agreement?
In 1938 Hitler wanted to capture Sudetenland form Czechoslovakia.
So an agreement was signed between Germany and Naville Chamberlain, at Munich in 1938.
By this agreement Germany was allowed to annex the Sudetenland but not to conquer any more territories.
5.How did Hitler maintain the policy of the Nordic race?
Hitler boasted about the superiority of the Nordic race which stood for the rise of all the great culture.
He had the utmost contempt for the Semitic Jews.
He wanted to maintain a German race with Nordic elements.
6.Descride the circumstances leading to the emergence of Adolf Hitler?
The Treaty of Versailles was a great blow to Germany
Germany was humiliated by this treaty
The Germans were not satisfied with the Weimar Republic.
They thought that the new Weimar Republic was responsible for the defect in the war and for the disgrace at Versailles.
The Great Economic Depression of 1929 also affected the economy of Germany.
So the Germans were expecting a great leader to save Germany form this agony. At this juncture Hitler emerged as a great leader.
7.Write a short note on “Beer Hall Revolution”?
Hitler began his political career as an agitator.
In 1923, he attempted to capture power.
It was known as `Beer Hall Revolution’.
But he failed in his attempt.
So he arrested for treason and sentenced to 5 years imprisonment.

6. SECOND WORLD WAR A.D.1939-A.D.1945

1.How do you say that spirit of nationalism is one of the causes for the Second World War?
The concept like Germany for Germans, Italy for Italians emphasized nationalism. It led to tension.
Germany boosted the superiority of German race on earth.
When this type of nationalism crosses all limits it leads to war.
This spirit of nationalism induced Germany and Italy to prepare for the Second World War.
2. How did Japan sow the seeds for Second World war?
Japan emerged as a World power after the First World War.
The industrial development and economic growth force Japan to follow the policy of imperialism.
It signed Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis with Italy and Germany. Thus it sowed the seeds for Second World War.
3.Has Munich pact brought peace for some time? How?
Yes, Munich Pact has brought peace for sometime.
In 1938 Hitler threatened Czechoslovakia.
Due to the efforts of Neville Chamberlain the British Prime Minister a war was averted.
The Munich pact was signed between Britain and Germany.
By this pact Germany agreed not to annex any more Czech territory.
4.What was the immediate cause for the Second World War?
In 1939, Hitler demanded from Poland the right to construct a military road connecting East Prussia and Germany through Polish Corridor.
He also demanded the surrender of Danzig.
When Poland refused, Hitler made a lightening attack on Poland known as Blitzkrieg on 1, September 1939.
As Britain and France declared war on Germany in support of Poland, the Second World War started. Thus the attack of Poland by Germany was the immediate cause for the Second World War.
5.Write a note on the Scorched Earth policy?
In 1941 Hitler invoiced Russia.
The Russians followed the Scorched Earth Policy.
They abandoned the villages and set fire to crops, roads, railways, factories and even houses so that the Germans could not gain anything.
6.Write a note on Battle of Britain?
In 1940 Hitler sent Luftwaffe (Air force) to drop bombs on Britain.
His `U’ boats (Sub marines) torpedoed many British ships.
During the month of August and September in 1940, Luftwaffe continuously bombed London and other cities daily. This is called the Battle of British.
Initially Britain suffered heavy losses.
But finally under the Prime ministership of Winston Churchill the British air force turned the air strike against Germany.
7.Why did America declare war on Japan?
On December 7, 1941 the Japanese attacked the American fleet stationed at Pearl Harbour.
So the very next day America declared war on Japan.
8.Who were the axis power and who were the allied powers?
Germany, Italy and Japan were the axis power.
France, Britain, Russia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Rumania and Yugoslavia were the allied power.
9.Write a short note on the Atlantic Charter?
In August 1941 the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and U.S. President F.D. Roosevelt met on the battle ship Augusta.
They signed the Atlantic Charter.
By this charter they agreed to launch a massive attack against the common enemy Germany.

7. THE UNITED NATIONS ORGANIZATION

1.What are the main objectives of the UNO?
To maintain international peace and security.
To develop friendly relations among nations.
To settle international disputes by peaceful means.
To be a center for helping nations to achieve these goals.
2.Write a brief note on Security Council?
The Security Council has five permanent members. They are the USA, the UK, France, the Russian federation and China.
It has also ten non permanent members.
The non-permanent members are elected by the General assembly for a period of two years.
The permanent members have the right to veto (Negative vote) for any Council decision.
Its main responsibility is to maintain International peace and security.
3.Mention any two achievements of the UNO?  Page
The UNO has signed many Nuclear Test Ban treaties like NTBT in 1963 and CTBT in1996.
The Suez Canal cricis was peacefully solved in 1956. It made France, Britain and Isreal to withdraw their troops from Egypt.
The UNO also settled the Korean problem.
4.Describe the 50th anniversary celebration of the UNO?
In 1995 the United Nations celebrated its 50th Anniversary of service to the global community.
An overall theme of the celebration, “We The People of the United Nations. United for a Better World”, was endorsed by the General Assembly in October 1993.
In November 1995 the UN flag was carried into outer space by the astronauts of the Space Shuttle Atlantis, to salute United Nations work for the peaceful uses of outer space.
5.Mention some of the specialized agencies of the UNO?
The World Health Organization (WHO)
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
The United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF)
The International Labour Organization (ILO)
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
The World Bank (IBRD)
6.Mention the leaders who founded the UNO?
The American President F.D. Roosevelt
The British Prime Minister Winston Churchill.
7.List out the major organs of the UNO?
The General Assembly
The Security Council
The Economic and Social Council
The Trusteeship Council
The International Court of Justice
The Secretariat.
8.What is veto power? Explain
The permanent members of the Security Council have power.
It is the power to cast Negative vote for any decision taken by the Council. It is the power to block the passage of a resolution.
9.Mention the permanent member countries of the UNO?
They are the USA, the UK, France, the Russian Federation and China.
10.Name the official languages of the UNO?
Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish are the official language of the UNO.

8. EUROPEAN UNION

1.Mention the initial member countries of the EU?
Belgium, France, Italy, Luxemburg, Netherlands and West Germany were the initial member countries of the EU.
2.What are the principal objectives of the EU?
To establish European citizenship
To ensure civil rights of European citizens
To promote social progress
To protect European security
To ensure Justice
3.What are the organs of the EU?
European Parliament
Council of the European Union
European Commission
Court of justice
Court of Auditors
4.Write a brief note on European Parliament?
European Parliament is the legislative body of the European Union.
Its members are elected directly by the citizens of the member countries.
The first election to the European Parliament was held in 1979.
The European Parliament is at Strasbourg.
It consists of 736 members.
They are elected for five years.
It forms one half of the EU’ s legislature.
5.Mention the main functions of the Court of Justice?
The Court of Justice determines whether treaties in the European Union are being implemented and are in accordance with Union law.
Its judgements and EU law as a whole are binding on all member states.
6.What is the significance of the Euro?
The Euro is the name of the single European currency.
It was put into circulation on January 1, 2002.
The symbol of the Euro is______
Euro eliminated foreign exchange hurdles faced by companies doing business across European border and promotes free trade policy.
7.Who were the member countries of Benelux?
Belgium, Netherlands and Luxemburg were the members of Benelux.
8.Write about the formation of the European Union?
In 1951 European Coal and Steel Community had been formed among six European countries.
Then the European Economic Community and the European Atomic Community were established.
In 1967 the three European communities were merged to form the European Union.

9. THE GREAT REVOLT OF 1857

1.What were the social and religious causes for the Great Revolt of 1857?
The rapid spread of western culture in India alarmed the conservatives.
The abolition of `Sati’ and female infanticide and legalizing remarriage of widows were considered to be an interference in the customs and tradition of the Hindu.
The Hindu law of property was changed to enable a Christian convert to receive his share of ancestral property. It encouraged the Hindus to convert into Christianity.
Religious sentiments were aroused when the British imposed taxes on the lands belonging to temples and mosques.
2.Name the important leaders and centers of the Mutiny?
The important leaders of the mutiny were Rani Lakshmi Bai, Tantia Tope, Nama Saheb, Begum Hazrat Mahal and Kunwar Singh.
Barrackpore, Meerut, Delhi, Lucknow, Bareilly, Cawnpur, Agra, Jhansi, Benares, Central India and Bundlekhand were the important centers of the mutiny.
3.Write a note on the revolt at Delhi?
Sir Archdale Wilson, Nicholson and Sir John Lawrence freed Delhi from the rebels.
The city was sacked by the British soldiers and the people were massacred mercilessly.
Bahadur Shah 11, the powerless Mughal Emperor in Delhi was tried for treason and exiled to Rangoon.
4.Mention the importance of Queen Victoria’s Proclamation?
Queen Victoria’s Proclamation was issued in 1858.
It was read by Lord Canning at the Durbar held at Allahabed.
It is called “the Magna Carta of India”.
According to this, India came under the direct of the British queen.
It confirmed the earlier treaties of the East India Company with the Indian Princes.
It promised to pay due regard to the ancient rites and customs of India.
It granted general pardon to all offenders except those who had directly taken part in te murder of the British subjects.
5.How did the British Cripple Indian trade?
The British imposed heavy protective dusties on imported goods in Britain.
But the British goods were imported into India at a nominal duty.
The India handmade goods could not compete with the British machine made goods. All these thing affected Indian trade.
6.What was the immediate cause for the Revolt of 1857?
The greased cartridges supplied for the new Enfield Rifle was the immediate cause for the revolt.
There was a rumour that the fat of the cow and pig had been used to grease these cartridges.
The sepoys believed this rumour and both the Hindus and Muslims refused to use them as the cow is sacred to the Hindus and the pig is detestable to the Muslims.
7.Why was not the revolt widespread?
The revolt did not extend beyond North India.
South India, Punjad and Rajasthan kept quiet.
A large number of the rulers of the Indian states and big Zamindars did not join the revolt.
Most of the Indian rulers remained neutral.
The educated Indians did not support the movement.
The Telegraph and Communication helped the British to suppress the spread of the rebellion.
8.Who was Mangal Pandey? What do you know about him?
Mangal Pandey was a young Indian Brahmin sepoy from Bengal regiment.
On 29 March, 1857 at Barrackpore he refused to use the greased cartridge.
He was forced by is sergeant dead. Mangal Pandy was arrested, tried and executed by the British.
9.Write a short note on the Meerut revolt?
The sepoys broke out into open revolt at Meerut in May 1857.
They broke open the prison and released their imprisoned comrades.
Then they galloped to Delhi and brought it under control. The revolt then spread to other places also.
10.What was the part of Rani Lakshmi Bai in the revolt?
In Central India the revolt was led by Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi.
She was helped dy Tantia Tope.
Both fought very bravely.
The Rani dressed in male attire fought very bravely and captured Gwalior.
She was killed in the battle in June 1858.
11.Prove that there was no common purpose among the leaders of the Great revolt of 1957?
The Muslims wanted to revive the Mughal rule.
The Hindus wanted to revive the Peshwa Raj.

10. SOCIAL AND RELIGIOS REFORM MOVEMENTS IN THE 19TH CENTURY

1.write a note Prarthana Samaj?
Prarthana Samaj was founded in Bombay in 1867 by Dr. Atmaram Pandurang.
This Samaj advocated various social reforms.
It advocated inter-dining, intercaste marriage, window re-marriage, improvement of women, downtrodden classes and the abolition of Purdha syatem and Child marriage.
The Samajis founded night schools, Asylum and Orphanages and such institutions for the downtrodden people.
2.What are the services rendered by the Arya Samaj?
The Arya Samaj opposed child marriage, Polygamy, purdha system, casteism and sati.
It advocated women education, intercaste marriage and inter dining.
It insisted on education of the women and upliftment of the depressed classes.
The Smaji started a number of schools all over the country to impart English and Vedic education, called Danyananda Anglo-Vedic (DAV) schools and Colleges.
3.Mention the main principles of the Theosophical Society?
The main principles of Theosophical society were.
To develop the feelings of fraternity.
To study ancient religions, philosophy and science.
To find out the laws of nature.
To develop divine power in man.
4.What are the teaching of Vallalar?
He condemned the inequalities based on birth.
He insised compassion to all living things.
Service to mankind is the path of Moksha.
God is the personification of mercy and knowledge.
The path of compassion and mercy are the only path to God.
He preached Jeeva Karunya.
5.What was the aim of Outcastes Welfare Association? (Bahiskrit Hitkaraini Sabha)
The aim of this association was to uplift the downtrodden socially and politically in the Indian society.
6.Point out the impacts of Social and Religious reform movements in the 19th century?
The social and religious reform movements brought about remarkable changes in the society and religion.
These movements greatly helped to abolish of the evils like sati, child marriage and unsociability.
It promoted education, encouraged widow remarriage, inter-caste marriages and inter dining.
It instilled social awakening and sprit of nationalism in the minds of Indians.
It made the people to be proud of their culture and glory.
It helped the Indians to face problems with scientific approach and outlook.
7.Who were the followers of Dayananda Saraswathi?
Lala lajapat Rai, Lal Hansraj and Pandit Guru Dutt were the followers of Dayananda Saraswathi.
Bala Gangadhara Tilak and Gopala Krishna Gokhale were also deeply influenced by the principles of Dayananda Saraswathi.
8.Brihg out the services of the Ramakrishna Mission?
Ramakrishna Mission was founded by Swami Vivekananda.
It is a philanthropic volunteer organization.
The mission conducts extensive work in health care, disaster relief, rural management, trial welfare, elementary and highter education and culture.
It pays attention on cultural activities, rural uplift and youth movement.
It maintains and homes for the elderly people have been established.
It runs schools and colleges.
It runs hospitals, dispensaries and maternity clinics.

11. FREEDOM MOVEMENT IN INDIA- PHASE- I

PRE- GANDHIAN ERA A.D. 1885- A.D. 1919  

1.How did Indian press and literature paved the way for the rise of national movement?
The Indian press and literature accelerated the spreed of national consciousness among the masses of India and stamped their minds with ideals of freedom.
Newspapers like the Indian mirrer, Bombey Samachar, theAmrit Bazaar Patrika, the Hindu, the Kesari and Maratha echoed the public opinion and developed a national outlook among the masses.
The writings of Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, Rabindranath Thgore, Subramania Bharathi and other patriotic writers brought national awakening among the Indians.
2.What are the aims of Indian National Congress?
Greater representation and expansion of legislative councils.
More facilities for the spread of Education.
Freedom of press.
Holding of Indian Civil Service (I.C.S) examination in India.
Reduction of military expenditure.
Taxation should be made lighter.
More Indians should be employed on higher posts.
Indian Council at London should be abolished.
3.Name some of the important moderate leaders?
Surendranath Banarjee, Dadabai Naoroji, Pheroze Sha Mehta, Gopala Krishna Gokhale and Ranade were some of the important leaders.
4.Write a note on the formation of the Muslim Langue?
The Muslims had participated in the 1857 revolt. But in course of time the activities of the Indian National Congress Created fear in the minds of the Muslims.
They felt the need for a separate organization to champion the cause of the Muslims.
The British who followed the policy of “Divide and Rule” accepted the demands of the Muslims.
In 1960 the All India Muslim League was formed under the leadership of Salimullah Khan.
The main aim of the Muslim League was to protect the interest of the Muslims.
5.Mention the importance of Lucknow Session of the Indian National Congress in 1916?
The moderates and the extremists joined together in the Lucknow session.
The Congress and the Muslim League signed a pact agreeing to co-operate with each other in order to achieve self government.
It was at this session Jawaharlal Nehru met Gandhiji for the first time.
6.Write a short note on Surat split?
In the Surat Congress held in 1907, a rift arose between the moderates and extremists over the election of the Congress President.
The Congress become divided and the extremists left the Congress.
7.Why did the Congress oppose the Rowlatt Act/
The British government passed the Rowlatt Act in 1919.
It empowered the British Government to arrest any one without warrant, and imprison without trial.
So the Indians opposed it under the leadership of Gandhiji.
8.What were the aims of the Muslim League?
To protect the rights of the Muslims.
To keep the Muslim messes away from the Congress.
To remain loyal to the British.
To make a demand for a separate electorate.

12.FREEBOM MOVEMENT IN INDIA- PHASE- I1

ANDHIAN ERA A.D. 1920- A.D. 1947

1.Whar are the changes introduced by the Government of India Act of 1935?
Introduced provincial autonomy.
Abolished dryarchy in the provinces.
Established Federal Government at the Center.
Provided for the establishment of a federal court to decide the conflicts between the provinces and the center.
Provided for the establishment of a Federal Reserve Bank.
2.What is the importance of the Lahore session of the Muslim League?
In 1940, at the Lahore session of the Muslim League, the demand for a separate nation of Pakistan was made.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah put forth the “Two Nation Theory”, that is, two different Nations namely India and Pakistan for the Hindus and Muslims respectively.
He announced that the Muslims wanted a separate home-land styled as Pakistan.
3.What was the resolution passed in the Lahore session of the Congress in 1929?
In 1929 the Congress met at Lahore under the Presidentship of Nehru.
It declared Purna Swaraj or complete independence for India at its goal.
4.Write a short note on the Cabinet Mission?
In March 1946, the Cabinet Mission under Pethick Lawrence, A.V. Alexander and Sir Stafford Cripps visited India to negotiate with Indian leaders about the transfer of power.
The committee recommended Federal Government.
It proposed to form a Constituent Assembly to draw up the constitution.
It also recommended for the formation of an interim government.
5.Name the states comprised of Pakistan?
Pakistan comprised of West Punjab, Sind, North West Frontier Province and East Bengal and Sylhet district of Assam.
6.Write a short note on Chauri Chaura incident?
Chauri Chaura was a place in Uttar Pradesh.
On February 5, 1922 a procession of 1000 peasants was organized.
The police fire at the peasants. In retaliation the angry peasants attacked and burnt the police station killing 22 police men.
Gandhiji was upset and suspended the Non Co-operation movement immediately. But soon Gandiji was arrested.
7.Why was Swarajya party started?
After the Chauri Chaura incident Ganthi suspended the non cooperation movement.
In order to to lead the National movement Swarajya party was stared in 1923 by C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru.
Instead of boycotting the Assemblies, these leaders wanted to oppose the British Government from within the legislature.
8.Wrute a note Lahore session of the Congress?
The Congress met at Lahore under the Presidentship of Jawaharlal Nehru in 1929.
It declared Purna Swaraj or Complete Independence for as its goal.
At mid night on 31, December 1929, the tri colour flag was unfurled on the bank of river Ravi.
9.August offer – Write a short note?
The British Viceroy Linlithgow was responsible for involving Indians in the Second World War.
He made some offer to satisfy the Congress.
It promised Dominion status for India after the war.
It also premised that a committee would be set up for framing Indian constitution.
It also said that an Indian would be appointed in the war council of the Viceroy.
This is called August offer. The Congress rejected.
10.Write about the Cripp’s mission?
In order to get India’s support in the Second World War, Safford Cripps was sent to India to negotiate with Indian Leaders.
Cripps offered Indians dominion status after the war and allowed them to frame a constitution.
But it did not mention anything about giving independence.
So Gandiji rejected this proposal.

13. ROLE OF TAMIL NADU IN THE FREDOM MOVEMENT

1.Write a brief note on Vellore Mutiny?
The vellore mutiny broke out in 1806.
The British prohibited Hindu soldiers from smearing religious marks on their fore-head.
The Muslims were ordered to shave their beard and trim their moustache.
This created a strong resentment among the soldiers.
Instigated by the sons of Tipu, the revoting solders gathered in the Vellore fort, under the pretext of a marriage function.
At midnight the soldiers surrounded the fort and killed most of the Europeans.
They unfurled the flag to Tipu over the fort.
Fateh Hyder, the second son of Tipu was declared as the ruler.
But the revolt was crushed by the British.
2.What do you know about Thiruppur Kumaran?
Tiruppur Kumaran was born in Chennimalai, Erode District in Tamil Nadu.
He was a great revolutionary.
He participated in the march against the ban on the flag and he died from injuries sustained from a police assault.
Kumaran died holding the flag of the Indian Nationalists.
Kumaran is revered as a martyr in Tamil Nadu, as is know by the epithet Kodi Kaththa Kumaran.
3.Write a note about Subramania Siva?
Subramania Siva eas born in Vathalagundu in Dindugal district.
He was a freedom fighter and a creative writer.
He was arrested many times between 1908 and 1922 for his anti-imperialist activities.
While he was in jail, he was afflicted by leprosy.
He was shifted from Salem jail but he was not permitted to travel in train.
So he had to walk a long distance with sores on his body.
Finally he died of leprosy on 23rd July 1925.
4.Give an account on Vanchinathan’s role in the struggle for freedom?
Vanchainathan was under the service of the State of Travancore.
The activities of the extremists greatly alarmed the British.
So the collector Ashe, shot down and killed four persons in Thirunelveli.
Vanchinathan wanted to take revenge on the Collector.
He secretly went to Maniyachi Railway Station and shot dead Ashe on 17th June 1911, and he himself committed suicide.
5.Name the papers edited by Subramania Bharathiar in 1907?
Tamil Weekly `India’.
English newspaper `Bala Bharatham’.
6.Mention some of the poems of Subramania Bharathiar?
Vande Matharam,
Enthaiyum thayum,
Jeya Bharatham.
7.What was Sathyamurthi’s service as a Mayor?
Sathyamurthi served as Mayor of Madras. He took to restore public education, improved water supply and improve the life of the citizens.
At that time there was an acute water scarcity in Madras.
He took steps for building Reservoir in Poondi about 50kms west of the city.
Thus he solved the water problem.
This reservoir was commissioned by Kamaraj and it was named as Sathyamurthi Sahar.
8.Write a note on the welfare measures taken by Kamaraj?
As the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Kamaraj introduced various welfare measures like opening of new schools, free education, mid-day meals scheme, construction of dams and canals to improve agriculture and launching of new industries in Tamil Nadu.
9.Why was Kamaraj called as “King Maker”?
Kamaraj played a significant role in the National politics.
He was called the `King Maker’, as he made Lal Bahadur Sastri as the Prime Minister of India in 1964 and Mrs. Indira Gandhi in 1966 after the death of Sastri.
10.Mention the great leaders and poets who contributed to the success of our freedom struggle?
G. Subramania Iyer, V.O.Chidambaram Pillai, Subramanya Bharathi, C.Rajagopalachari, PeriyarE.V.Ramasamy, Thiruppur Kumaran, K.Kamaraj and many others have contributed a lot towards the success of our freedom struggle.

14. SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN TAMILNADU

1.write a brief note on the rule of the Justice Party?
In the election of 1920, the Justice party secured a majority and Subbarayalu Reddiar formed the ministry.
In 1923 elections again the Justice Party won. T.M.Sivagnsnsm Pillai formed the ministry. In the election of 1926, the Swarajya party got success but refused to form the ministry.
In 1930 election again the Justice Party won and B. Munisamy Naidu formed the ministry.
In 1932 he was replaced by Raja of Bobhili.
In 1934 elections the Congress party won but refused to from the ministry.
So again the Justice Party formed the ministry.
In 1937 election the Justice party failed miserably and never recovered from the defeat.
2.What are the aims of Self Respect Movement?
The self respect movement condemned and fought against Brahmin domination over other castes, society, politics and religion.
If fought against traditionalism and superstitions.
If advocated women education, widow remarriage, intercaste marriages and opposed child marriage.
3.Why do we call Periyar as”Vaikam Hero”?
Vikam is a place in Kerala.
In Vaikum the people of downtrodden community were prohibited to enter into the temple.
To oppose this, Periyar led the famous Vaikam Sathyagraha in 1924.
Finally the Travancore government relaxed this segregation and allowed the people to enter into the temple. Hence Periyar is called Vaikam Hero.
4.Mention the services rendered by Annadurai as the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu?
Anna become the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu in 1967.
He introduced the scheme of 1 kg rice for Re.1.
Due to financial strain he was not able to promulgate this system all over Tamil Nadu.
He also introduced Tamil Language Development Scheme.
On 14th April, 1967 his government changed the official name of the state from `Madras’ to `Tamilzhaga Arasu’ or Thamilzhagam.
He replaced the Sanskrit forms of address like Sri / Srimathi / Kumari by the Tamil forms of Thiru / Thirumathi / Selvi.
5.Narrate Dr. Muthu Lakshmi’s role in the agitation against Devadasi system?
Muthulakshmi dedicated herself to the cause of removingthe cruel practice of Devadasi system from Tamil Nadu.
She fought vigorously against this system.
She made active propaganda against this system.
She fought against Devadasi system in the Legislative Council. Finally Devadasi system was abolished by law.
6.What did Dr.S.Dharmambal do to the Tamil teachers?
Till 1940 the Tamil teacher had no due recognition in the society.
They were not paid equal salary like other teachers. So Dr. Dharmambal started an agitation called `Elavu Varam’.
As a result the Educational Minister Thiru. Avinasilingam Chettiar announced equal pay to Tamil teachers like other teachers.
Write a note on the service rendered by Moovalur Ramamirtham for her community?
Moovalur Ramamirthan belonged to Isai Vellalar caste.
In older days girls belonging to this particular caste were sacrificed to temples to do service to God.
Later they were illtreated and humiliated by the landlords and zamindars in the name of caste.
Moovalur Ramamirdham decided to fight for their emancipation.
She traveled all over the country and spoke about the miseries of her own girls and won the support of many leaders.
She organized the conference of Isai Vellalar at Mayiladudurai in 1925.
Many great leaders like Thiru. Vi. Ka and Periyar attended this conference.
They raised slogans against the cruel practice of Devadhasis.
As a result the Government passed “Dr. Muthulakshmi Devadasi Abolilion Act.
8.What is Juatice Party?
The Justice Party was a non-Brahmin movement.
It engineered a social revolution against the domination of Brahmins in the sphere of public services and education.
9.How did Periyar spread self respect principles?
Periyar criticized the meaningless ideas, superstitious beliefs and unbelievable puranic stories in the public meetings.
He spread his principles through Kudiarasu, Puratchi and Viduthalai.
He also published some books against social evils.

CIVICS

1. INDIA AND WORLD PEACE

1.Mention the important aspects of India’s policy for promoting peace?
India has been taking an active and independent part in the world affairs.
India had won a great name for itself in the Modern world.
India is a country with an unbounded faith in peace.
It declared her determination to pursue the path of the promotion of international peace, security and co-operation.
India has played a great role in settling many and security.
2.Why is world peace an essential one?
World peace is essential for both the developing and countries.
Economic development of the nations can be achieved only through world peace.
3.What are the five principles of the Pancha sheel?
Each country should respect the territorial integrity and sovereignty of other.
No country should attack any other country.
No one should try interfere in the internal affaires of others.
All country shall strive for equality and mutual benefit.
Every country should try to follow the policy of peaceful coexistence.
4.Write a note on the policy of Apartheid?
Apartheid is the policy of racial discrimination followed in Sout Africs.
In South Africa the Whites, did not give equal right to the native Africans.
India raised this issue for the first time in the UN General Assembly in 1946.
It was due to the constant moral support of India and the continuous struggle of Dr. Nelson Mandela Apartheid was abolished in 1990.
5.Name the areas identified by the SAARC countries for mutual co-operation?
The SAARC countries identified mutual co operation in areas like transportation, postal service, tourism, shipping, meteorology, health, agriculture, rural reconstruction and telecommunication.
6.India has rendered whole hearted support to the UNO – Justify?
India has rendered whole – hearted support to the United Nations to bring World Peace and making the policies of the UNO a great success.
It tried to solve many problems by giving full support to the UNO.
E.g. India brought the Apartheid policy followed in South Africa to the notice of the UNO and due to its constant effort Apartheid was abolished.
The Suez canal problem was solved peacefully due to the intervention of India.
In the Congo Civil War peace was restored as India sent its peace keeping force on the request of the UNO.
7.Write a short note on the policy of Non-alignment?
After the second world war the world was divided into two hostile blocs – the American Bloc and the Russian Bloc.
Both of them are trying to increase their influence at the cost of the other. But India has not joined either of these two blocs.
Whenever any difference arises between these blocs, India tries to remove that difference.
8.Name a few military alliances of the World?
NATO
SEATO
Baghdad Pact
Warsaw pact
9.Name the member countries of the SAARC?
Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Sri Lanka are the member countries of the SAARC.
10.Expand SAARC?
Te South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation.

2.DEMOCRACY

1.given Abraham Lincoln’s definition of Democracy?
According to Abraham Lincoln, `Democracy is a government of the people by the people and for the people’.
2.What are National Parties?
A party that is recognized by the Election Commission and secures at least six percent of the total votes in the Lok Sabha election in four or more states is called National party. E.g. Congress, BJP.
3.What is a Political Party?
A political party is an organized association of people who come together on a common platform with the objective of winning political power.
4.Mention the functions of the Political parties?
Political parties perform a variety of functions they are……
Formulation of General policies.
Contesting elections.
Education the masses.
To conduct and criticize the government.
Playing the role of an intermediary body between the government and the people.
Integrative agency.
5.Writ the advantages of Single Party System?
During the periods of emergency or external danger the one party rule could function more efficiently, independently and quickly to set matters right.
Decisions could be taken quickly under the single party rule.
Expenditure could also be controlled.
It promotes greater national identity.
6.Give a brief note on the functions of the Election Commission?
The election commission has the following important functions:
It gives recognition to the political parties.
It allots symbols for the parties as well as independent candidates who stand for the election.
It announces the dates of election and the dates on which the votes will be counted and the declaration of the final results.
7.How does Prof. Seeley define `Democracy’?
According to Prof. Seeley `Democracy is a government in which everyone has a share’.
8.What is meant by By-election?
When an election candidate from a constituency dies or resigns from the parliament or the state legislatures, elections will be held only in those constituencies. Such elections are called by elections.
9.What is means by mid-term poll?
Some times the parliament or the state legislatures do not function for the whole period of five years for various reasons. Then they are dissolved and elections are held. These elections are called the mid-term polls.

3.UNION IN DIVERSITY

1.Why is India called the “Museum of human race”?
India has a population of more then a hundred crores made up of diverse ethnic group.
They are divided into a number of castes.
They profess different religions.
They speak hundreds of languages and dialects.
This marvelous diversity of people has made India both museum and laboratory for the study of man. Hence India is called the “Museum of human race”.
2.Name some of the religions of India?
Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism and Zoroastrianism are the religions of India.
3.How do our customs, habits and heritage help to maintain unity?
The India heritage advocates hospitality, charity, friendship, love, unselfishness, dharma, proper conduct, humility, truth, peace, mercy, spiritual feelings, respect for parents and elders and tolerance. All these help the Indian people live in unity forgetting their differences in other respects.
4.What do you know about art and architecture of India?
Even from ancient days , India was famous for its architectural unique.
Still they are growing to suit the modern takes.
The paintings at Ajantha and Ellora are world famous.
The Gandhara art and sculpture speak the excellence of India’s greatness in this field.
Temple architecture is the best among Indian building architecture.
5.Give a brief note on Indian music and dance?
Music:
The Carnatic style and Hindustani style of music have their origin in India.
They are loved and learned by many.
Dance:
Barathanatiya, Kucipudi, Kathak, Manipur and Oddissi are some of the famous dances in India.
Various other folk dances are also loved and partronized in India.
The rice and varied Indian music and dance play an important part in fostering unity and intergration.
6.Mention a few languages spoken in India?
We speak languages like Tamil, Telugu, Kannada. Malayalam, Hindi, Urdu, Sanskrit, Gujarathi and Bengali.
We speak many other foreign languages also.
7.Name the two great epics?
Ramayana and Mahabharata.
8.Mention the festivals celebrated in India?
The Hindu celebrate Deepavali, Navararhri, Vinayaka Chatthurthi, Pongal, Chittirai Thiruvizha, Aadi Velli and Vaikunta Ekadesi, Sri Rama Navami and Kumbamela.
The Christians celebrate X-mas and New year day.
The Muslims celebrate Meeladi-Nabi and the Ramzan.
The Buddhist celebrate the Buddha poornima.
The Jains celebrate Mahavir Jayanthi.
The Sikhs celebrate Guru Nanak Jayanthi.

4. CONSUMER RIGHTS

1.How are the customers exploited? Mention any two forms?
The goods sold in the market are sometimes not measured or weighed correctly.
The goods are sometimes of substandard quality.
Sometimes medicines are sold beyond their expiry dates.
Sometimes deficient or defective home appliances are sold.
2.Write a brief note on the birth of COPRA?
Consumers are exploited by the traders in various ways.
A need to protect the consumers was felt.
The right to redress their grievances lead to the passing of the Consumer Protection Act (COPRA) in 1986 in India.
It has been defined as the Magna Carta of Consumers.
3.Write any two measures taken by the Government of TamilNadu to protect the consumers against exploitation?
Citizen Consumer clubs have been established in every educational institution.
Consumer education is given to rural masses through Women Self Help Groups and Panchayat level federations.
A monthly magazine `Tamil Nadu Nugarvor Kavasam’ is published to create awareness among the masses.
Consumer awareness message are propagated through radio, television and short video films.
4.What are the objectives of Right to Information Act?
To promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority.
To set up a practical regime for giving citizens access to information that is under the control of public authorities.

ECONOMICS  

1. NATIONAL INCOME

1.Define National Income?
National Income is a measure of the total value of goods and services produced by an economy over a period of time, normally a year.
2.How do you arrive at NNP?
Net National Product is arrived by deducting the value of depreciation from Gross National Products.
NNP = GNP- Depreciation.
3.Write a note on income method?
Income method is one of the methods to calculate the national income.
In this method, the income and payments received by all the people in the country are calculated.
4.What is Percapita Income?
Percapita Income is obtained by dividing the national Income by the population of a country.
National Income
Percapita Income = ---------------------
Population
5.Write any two needs for the study of National Income?
To measure the size of the economy and level of country’s economic performance.
To measure the production of goods and services.
6.What is tertiary sector?
Tertiary sector includes trade, hotel, industry, transport, storage, communication, finance, insurance, real estate and social service.
7.What is Laissez-faire?
Laissez-faire means non-intervention by the government.
8.Write a note on the productive functions of modern welfare State?
Economic development can be achieved only if there is peace in the state.
So the primary function of the government is to maintain law and order. It should also protect the people from external aggression and internal disorder.
9.Define Gross Domestic Product?
Gross Domestic Product is the total value of output (goods and services) produced by the factors of production within the geographical boundaries of the country.
10.What is Net Domestic Product?
Net Domestic Product is obtained from the Gross Domestic Product by deducting the quantum of tear and wear expenses (depreciation).
NDP = GDP (-) Depreciation

2.INDIA ECONOMY AFTER INDEPENDENCE

1.Write any three Objectives of the Eleventh Five Year plan?
Increasing the National income
Elimination of poverty
Providing additional employment.
2.Write a note on Green revolution?
Green revolution was introduced in India in 1967.
The aim of this new strategy was to increase agricultural production though land reforms, the use of high yielding variety seeds and improved irrigation facilities.
3.What is Mixed economy?
Mixed economy means the co-existence of both the government owned and private owned industries. E.g. India.
4.What is Multi National Corporation?
Multi National Corporations (MNC) are business firms operating in several countries but centrally managed from one (home) country. E.g.Ford.
5.Write a note on cottage industries?
Cottage industries are household industries depending on local market and production is of primitive methods. Example – Handlooms, Coirindustries.
6.Write a note on Laberalisation?
Liberalisation means movement towards a free market system.
It is otherwise know as withdrawal of regulation and restrictions for private sectors.
Private sectors are encouraged to enter into core industries which are reserved for public sector.
7.What is Privatisation?
Privatisation means transforming all economic activities from public sector to private sector.
It also refers to the setting up of private units in public utility services.
8.What do you means by Globalization?
Globalization refers to a situation where country draws raw materials from any source of the world and manufacture goods and services.
The finished goods also find a place in the global market.
It is the linkage of nation’s markets with global markets.
9.List down any four welfare measures implemented by the Tamil Nadu Government?
Varumun Kappom Thittam
The school health programme
Women self help group
Emergency ambulance service 108
10.Write a note on Transport System in Tamil nadu?
Tamil Nadu has an efficient road system.
It helps rapid industrialization.
The rail transport has connectivity throughout India.
Mass rapid transit systems and Chennai metro rail project provides a rail network to Chennai city.
There are three major ports in Tamilnadu at Chennai, Ennore and Tuticorin.
The minor ports are Cuddalore and Nagapattinam.
The airports in Tamilnadu are Chennai, Coimbutore, Madurai, Trichy, Salem.
11.What were the important consequence of the British rule?
Decline of the rural economy.
Decline of Indian handicrafts
Introduction of new land system.
12.Write a short note on National Development Council?
National Development Council is formed to ensure the co-operation of states in the implementation of Five Year Plans. Chief Ministers of the states are its members.
13.What do you known about Bhoodhan movement?
Bhoodhan movement was started by Acharya Vinobabhave.
Through the Bhoodhan movement millions of acres of land were received from the landlords and distributed to the landless poor.
14.What is meant by public sector industries?
Public sector units refer to industries run by government E.g. Neyveli Lignite Corporation, Bharath Heavy Electricales Limited, BSNL and Air India.
15.What is meant private sector industries?
Private sector industries refer to industries run by private like Asokh Leyland, Tvs grope of companies, Godrej and TI cycles.
16.What is Biomass energy?
Biomass energy is a non-coventional form of energy made from agricultural wastes.
Biomass energy is produced in Namakkal and Dharmapuri districts.

GEOGRAPHY

1. INDIA – LOCATION AND PHYSIOGRPHY

1.what are the main physical divisions of India?
Northern mountains
Northern Great Plains
Peninsular Plateaus
Coastal Plains
Islands
2.Write any two points on the importance of the Himalayas?
The Himalayas provide a physical barrier in the north protecting our country from foreign invasions.
Himalayas are effective climate barriers as they check incoming cold winds from the north.
The Eastern Himalayas blocks the Southwest monsoon winds and causes copious rainfall.
3.Name a few well-known holy places in the Northern mountains of India?
Amarnath, Kedarnath, Badrinath and Vaishnavidevi temple are the holy place in the northern mountains of India.
4.Name the rivers that do not from a delta on the west coast of India?
Narmada, Tapti, Mali and Sabarmathi.
5.Name the Islands belonging to India<
Andaman
Nicobar
Lakshadweep
6.Why is India called a sub-continent?
Though India is a country, all the distinctive countinental characteristics are found in India. Hence, India is called a sub-continent.
7.Write briefly about the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India?
India extends from 8’4N to 37’6’N latitudes and 68’7’ E to 97’25’E longitudes.
The Tropic of Cancer 23’30’N runs across the country and divides it into two equal halves.
8.What are the neighbouring countries of India?
India’s neighbouring countries are Pakistan in the west, Afghanistan, Nepal, Bhutan and China in the north, Bangladesh and Myanmar on the east and Sri Lanka in the South.
9.What is meant by physiography?
Physiography means the description of physical relief features of a country.
10.Mention the hills found on the Eastern Himalayas?
Hills like Patkai hills, Naga hills, Mizo hills, Jaintia hills, Khasi and Garo hills are found on the Eastern Himalayas.
11.What is Doab? Give an examble?
The alluvial tract of land between two adjacent rivers is called a Doab.
E.g: The plains between the Ganga and the Yamuna.
12.Name the tributaries of the Ganga?
Ramganga, Gomti, Ghaghra, Gandak, Kosi, Yamuna, Son , Chambal and Betwa are the tributaries of the Ganga.
13.Mention the religious places situated along the bank of the Ganga?
Haridwar, Mathura, Varanasi, and Allahabed.
14.Mention the impotant hill stations of South India?
Ooty, Kodaikanal, Pachaimalai, Mahabaleshwar, Khanadala, Matheron, Coonoor, Kothagiri and Yercaud.
15.What are the factors that affect the drainage system?
Slope of land
Geological structure
Amount of volume of water
Velocity of water
16.Which are the rivers that originate in the Himalayas?
The Hindus, Ganga and Brahmaputra.
17.Mention the Peninsular rivers?
Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Narmada, Tapti, Palar, Kaveri and Thamiraparani are the impotant Peninsuar rivers.

2.INDIA – CLIMATE

1.name the factors determining the climate of India?
Latitude
Altitude
Distance from the sea
Wind
Position of mountains
2.What do you mean by monsoon?
The word monsoon is derived from the Arabic word `Mausin’ which means season.
The winds which reverse their directions completely between the summer and winter is known as monsoon winds.
3.What are the main factures of tropical monsoon type of climate?
The Monsoon winds are classified into Southwest monsoon and Northeast monsoon on the basis of the direction from where they blow.
They are caused due to the differential heating of land and sea.
The main feature of monsoon winds is the alternation of seasons.
This change in season determines the climate of India.
4.What are jet streams and how do they affect the climate of India?
Air current in the upper layers of the atmosphere is known as Jet streams.
They determine the arrival and departure of monsoon winds in India.
5.Name the regions of heavy rainfall in India?
Middle Ganga valley, Western Ghats, Eastern Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa receive heavy rainfall.
6.What do you mean by `brust of Monsoon’?
During June to September, due to low temperature there is high pressurein the oceans.
So winds blow from the ocean towards the low pressure area.
When they cross the equator, they get defleted and blow as south west monsoon.
These winds are moisture laden winds because they originate from Indian ocean.
When they approach the Southern part of Kerala they give rain violent thunderstorm indicating the onset of monsoon and lightening.
This phenomenon is termed as monsoon outburst.
7.Write a short note on EL-Nino?
EL-Nino is a complex weather phenomena that appears once every five to ten years, bringing drought, floods and other weather extremes to different parts of the world.
It is also a cause for the delay of south west monsoon onset in India.
8.Why does India experience Tropical monsoon climate?
In India winds appear to blow from southwest for six months and from northeast for another six months.
The winds which reverse their directions completely between the summer and the winds is known as Monsoon winds.
Due to these monsoon winds, India experiences Tropical monsoon climate.
9.What is cyclone?
A cyclone is a small but intense low-pressure system in the Arabian sea or Bay of Bengal which produces violent winds and heavy rainfall.
10.What is a rain shadow region? Give an example?
When the moisture laden wind strikes against a mountain, the windward direction receives rainfall.
The other side of the mountain which is called the leeward direction receives very less rainfall or no rainfall. This region is called rain-shadow region.
E.g: Deccan Plateau.
11.What are the two factors that determine the distribution of rainfall?
The direction of the rain bearing winds.
The position of the mountain ranges.
12.What is meant by rain water harvesting?
Rain water harvesting is an activity of direct collection and storage of water for our purpose or it can be recharged into the ground for withdraw later.
13.How are the western disturbances significant in Punjab and Haryana?
The Western disturbances cause rainfall in Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh.
This rainfall is very useful for the cultivation of wheat.

3.INDIA – NATURAL RESOURCES

1.what do you understand by the term natural resource?
“All materials obtained from the nature to satisfy the needs of our daily life” is known as Natural resources.
Land, air, water, sunlight, soil, minerals coal, petroleum, plants and animals are some of the examples for natural resources.
2.What are the properties of fertile soil?
Soil fertility is determined by the presence of `micro nutrients’ and `macro nutrients’ in the soil.
Micro nutrients like sulphur, chlorine, copper, manganese, molybdenum, boron, iron, cobolt and zinc should be present in the soil.
Macro nutrients like nitrogen, potassium and phosphorous should be contained in the soil.
The fertility of the soil increases with the increase of humus content.
3.Name any four main characteristics of the tropical evergreen forest?
The trees in these forest are evergreen.
They do not shed their leaves.
These forests are very dense and composed of tall trees reaching up to the height of above 60 meters.
Due to dense growth of trees, the sunlight cannot reach the ground.
4.Given the meaning of shrub and thorn forest?
Shrub and thorn forests have long roots to tap water in the underground.
They have thick and small leaves which retards evaporation.
They have thorny thick bark.
5.Name the mica producing areas of India?
Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, Bihar and Rajasthan are thr major mica producing states of India.
6.What are the components of soil?
Decayed plants.
Animal substances.
Minerals like silica, clay, chalk and so on.
Organic matter called Humus.
7.Write about the nature of laterite soil?
Laterite is a porous soil from which the silica has been removed by hemical action.
It is coarse in texture and red in color owing to the presence of iron oxides.
Crops like coffee, rubber, cashew and tapiaco are cultivated in this soil.
8.What is meant by soil erosion? What are the agents of soil erosion?
The removal of the fertile content from the soil by nature and man is called soil erosion.
Running water, wind and human beings are the principal agents of soil erosion.
9.What are the factors on which soil erosion depend upon?
Soil erosion depends upon the texture of the soil, condition of climate, slope method of cultivation and several other factors.
10.What is means by natural vegetation? What factors influence natural vegetation?
Natural vegetation is the vegetation or plant cover naturally grown on the earth’s surface.
It is the result of climate, soil and biotic influence.
11.What are the reasons for the fast shrinkage in forest area?
The fast shrinkage in forest area is mainly due to the growth in population which leads to increasing demands for agricultural land, urbanization, industrialization and new townships.
12.What are the uses of Manganese?
Manganese plays a very important role in the iron and steel industry.
It is necessary to make steel hard and rust proof.
Manganese di oxide is used for the manufacture of dry batteries.
It is also used manufacturing bleaching powder and paints.
13.Mention the Bauxite producing centers of India?
The major bauxite producing centers of India are Bilaspur in Chattisgarh, Ranchi in Jharkhand, Ratnagiri, Raigarh in Maharashtra, Sambalpur, Kalahandi in Orissa, Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka and Salem, Madurai, Nlgiri in Tamil Nadu.
14.What are the uses of copper?
Copper is used in the electrical goods industry.
It is mixed with other metals to form alloy.
15.Mention the types of coal?
Anthracite
Bituminous
Lignite
Charcoal
16.What are the peculiarities of energy sources?
Easily available
Renewable
Environment friendly
Pollution free
Low production cost
Continuous availability
17.How can we preserve energy?
We can preserve energy by the following methods.
By using public transport systems instead of individual vehicles.
By Switching off electricity when it is not in use.
By using power saving devices.
By using non-conventional sources of energy. Because “energy saved is energy produced”.

4.INDIA - AGRICULTURE

1.what are the major determinant factors of agriculture?
Landform
Climate
Soil types
Water
2.What are the types of agriculture?
Primitive agriculture.
Subsistence agriculture or Intensive agriculture.
Commercial agriculture or Extensive agriculture.
Plantation agriculture.
3.Name the agricultural seasons in India?
Kharif
Rabi
Zaid
4.Why are dry crops grown?
Dry crops are also used as food crops.
They grow well even in infertile soil.
They are resistant to drought.
They are rich in nutritional content.
They provide fodder for cattle.
5.Name the cotton growing areas of India?
The main growing states are Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataks, Tamilnadu, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana.
6.What are Plantation crops?
These crops are grown in hilly areas.
Here a single crop is has an interface of agriculture and industry.
Coffee, tea and rubber are plantation crops.
7.What is meant by multiple cropping?
In the multiple cropping more than two crops are cultivated at the same land at the same time.
They are grown and harvested at different times.
Barley, mustard, wheat and ground nut are cultivated in this pattern.
8.What a short note on Zaid crops?
Zaid crops are sown in the beginning of summer (March) and harvested by the beginning of monsoon (June)
Fruits, vegetables, water melon and cucumber and Zaid crops.
9.Name the wheat growing states of India?
Punjab, Haryana, Uttar pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya pradesh, Chattisgarh, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh are the wheat producing state.
10.What are the uses of Jute?
Jute is used for the manufacture of gunny bags, hessain, carpets, ropes, strings, rugs and cloth, tarpauline, upholstery etc…….
11.Name the important oil seeds of India?
Groundunt, sesamum, rape seed, mustard, linseed, sunflower seed, castor seed, coconut, soyabean etc…. are the important oil seeds of India.

5.INDIA – INDUSTRIES

1.Difine manufacturing?
The process by which the natural resources or raw materials are converted into finished or usable products with the help machines in known as manufacturing.
2.Name the factors that determine location of an Industry?
Factors like materials, power, transport, manpower, water, market and government policies determine the location of an industry.
3.What are agrobased industries? Give examples?
The industries which use agriculture products as their raw materials are called agro-based industries.
Cotton textile industry, jute industry and sugar industry etc… are example of agro-based industries.
4. Name any five software centers?
Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Munbai, Coumbatore and Kolkata.
5.What are the byproducts of Jute industry?
Jute products are gunny bags, canvas, pack sheets, jute webs, Hessians, carpets, cordage and twines.
6.Mention the major cotton textile centers of Tamil Nadu?
In Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, Chennai, Tirunelveli, Madurai, Tuticorin, Salem, Virudhunager and Pllachi are the major cotton textile centers.
7.Suger factories are located near the areas of cultivation- Give reasons?
Sugarcane is a weight losing material.
It cannot be stored for long time, as it loses sucrose content.
It cannot be transported for long distances.
8.List out the major sugar producing states of India?
Uttar Pradesh and Bihar alone account for 70% of the sugar production. So this belt is known as `sugar bowl of India’. Punjab, Haryana, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu are the other sugar producing states of India.
9.What are the famous centers of sugar production in Tamil Nadu?
Nellikupam, Pugalur, Coimvatore and Pandyarajapuram.
10.What are the raw materials for paper?
Wood pulp, bamboo, sabai grasses, waste paper and bagasse are the raw materials for paper.
11.What are the leading states of paper production?
WEAT Bengal, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka and Andhra pradesh are the leading states of paper production.
12.Why do mini steel plants suit Indian economy?
They require less investment.
As they are smaller in size, they can be conveniently located in the industrial towns.

6. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

1.what is water pollution?
Water pollution is any chemical, physical or biological change in the quality of water that has a harmful effect on any living thing that drinks or uses or lives in it.
2.List out the major air pollutants?
The major air pollutants are sulphur di oxide, nitrogen oxide, Carbon mono oxide and organic compounds that can evaporate and enter the atmosphere.
3.What is noise pollution?
Human or machine created sound that disrupts the activity or balance of human or animal life is known as noise pollution.
4.What are the major causes of water pollution?
There are several causes of water pollution. The first are disease-causing agents. These are bacteria, viruses, prorozoa and parasitic worms that enter sewage-systems and untreated waste.
The second pollutant is oxygen demanding bacteria.
The third is water soluble inorganic pollution such as acids, salts and toxic metals.
Water is also polluted by inorganic compounds like oil, plastics and esticides.
5. What is bio diversity?
Acquired land for mining affects biodiversity. Biodiversity is the degree of variation of life forms within a given ecosystem.
On the entire planet, rapid environmental changes due to mining and dam constructions cause extinctions.
6.How is pollution caused due to biomedical waste?
Pollution due to biomedical waste is likely to spread diseases dangerous to life.
Example:
In early April 2010, a machine from Delhi University containing cobalt-60-a radio active metal used for radiotherapy in hospitals was sent to a scrap yard in the city. It was reported that the radiation of that machine caused the death of scrap yard workers.
7.What is meant by pollution due to e-waste?
It means pollution generated from the wastes of television sets, mobile phones, computers, refrigerators and printers.
8.What is meant by environment?
The word environment is most commonly used to describe natural environment which means the sum of all living and non-living things that surround us.
9.What is the reason for environmental problems?
The problems are due to rapidly growing population and industrialization.
10.What is environment pollution?
Environmental pollution is the contamination of environment which causes discomfort, instability, disorder, harmful impact on physical system and on living organism.
11.What are the various types of pollution?
Air pollution
Water pollution
Land pollution
Noise pollution
Pollution due to biomedical wastes.
Pollution due to e-waste.
Pollution due to mining
12.What is are pollution?
Air pollution is the contamination of air by the discharge of harmful substances.
13.What is ozone layer depletion?
The atmosphere contains a thin layer of ozone about 24 to 40km above earth’s surface which protects life from the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun.
The release of chemicals such as CFC widely used in refrigerators has damaged the ozone layers. This is called ozone layer depletion.
14.How does the loss of ozone affect human beings?
Each one percent loss of ozone is to cause an increase of about 2% in UV radiation.
This will reduce the immunity of the body and cause eye cataracts and skin cancer.
15.How is global warming caused?
Global warming is caused by the increase of green house gases such as carbon-di-oxide, methane, water vapour, CFCs which are responsible for the heat retention ability of the atmosphere.
16.What are the steps to be taken to control acid rain?
Sulphur cleaning scrubbers should be installed in factories.
By finding new methods of burning coal, acid rain may be controlled.
Also by shifting to non-polluting renewable forms of energy production we can control acid rain.
17.How do toxic substances affect the ground water?
Toxic substances that enter the lakes, streams, oceans, dissolved in water and get deposited on the bed. This affects aquatic ecosystem. This can also seep down and affects the ground water.
18.How can land pollution be prevented?
Things used for domestic purpose can be reused and recycled.
Organic waste matter should be disposed off far away from the residential places.
Inorganic wastes can be separated, reclaimed and recycled.
19.How does noise pollution affect man-kind?
Noise pollution causes hypertension, high stress levels, hearing loss, sleep disturbances and other harmful affects.
20.Suggest measures to control noise pollution?
Development of a green belt vegetation to reduce noise.
Installation of decibel meters along highways and in places of public gatherings.
Development of plantations- A strips of wide plantation inside the compound wall effectively protects houses, school and hospitals.

7.INDIA – TRADE, TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

1.what is trade? What are the types of trade?
Trade is an act or process of buying selling or exchanging goods and services.
Internal trade and external trade are the two type of trade.
2.State the highlights of India’s foreign trade policy since 2004?
Merchandise trade has been doubled.
Thrust is given for employment generation, especially in semi-urban and rural areas.
Trade procedure is simplified and transaction cost is reduced.
Special focus is given to make India a global hub.
A new scheme called Vishesh Krishi Upaj Yojna has been introduced to boost exports of fruits, vegetables, flowers and minor forest products.
3.Trade, transport and communication stand complementary to each other. How?
Trade, transport and communication are dependant on the another.
The three contribute to the prosperity of a nation.
Development of a country not only depends upon the production of goods and services but also on the efficient means of transport.
Communication involves exchange of information and contributes to the development of a country.
4.What is the significance of border roads?
Border roads are the roads constructed along the northern and north eastern borders of our country.
These roads are constructed and maintained by Border Roads Organisation.
Border roads are regarded as the symbol of national building and natonal integration and an inseparable component in maintaining.
They helps in maintaining the security of our country.
5.Brief how physiography plays a role in the distribution of Railway networks in India?
The physiography of India has played a major role in the distribution of Railway network.
The Himalayan region has rugged terrain.
So it is very difficult to lay railway tracks along the steep stopes. Hence, this region has only three railway lines.
The condition in west Rajasthan, frequent flood in Brahmsputra valley think forest and rough terrain in Northeast India has led to a few railway lines in theses region.
The northern plains of India is a flat land with rich alluvial soil. It has highly developed agricultural and industrial sectors with high population. Hence, it has a dense network of railways.
Peninsular India is a plateau region with an undulated terrain. Hence it has a moderate railway network.
6.Write a note on urban railway?
Cities in India such as Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkate and Delhi have separate tracks for the sub urban network.
The sub urban trains connect the commuters of sub urban areas to the urban centers.
They are mostly Electric Mulitple Units (EMU).
These trains usually have nine coaches.
To avoid overcrowd, during peak hours they attach extra coaches.
7.State the merits of pipeline transport?
Pipeline can be laid through difficult terrain as well as under water.
Initial cost of laying pipeline is high but subsequent cost for maintenance and operation is low.
It ensures steady supply and minimizes transshipment losses and delays.
Pipeline operation involves very low consumption of energy.
8.Mention the important pipeline network in our country?
There are three important pipeline networks in our country.
From oil fields in upper Assam to Kanpur in Uttar Pradesh via Guwahati, Barauni ans Allahabad.
From Saiaya in Gujarat to Jalandhar in Punjab Via. Viramgam, Mathura, Delhi and Sonipat.
Gas pipeline from Hazira in Gujarat connects Jagdishpur in Uttar Pradesh Via. Vijaipur in Madhya pradesh.
Apart from the above, pipelines are also laid connecting, Mumbai high and Mumbai; Mumbai and Pune.
9.What are the advantages of communication network?
Communication network has enhanced the efficiency of communication. Because it enables quick exchanged of information with people anywhere in the world.
Leads to enormous growth of trade.
Help the government to tackle various socio-economic problems in the society.
Improves the quality of human life.
Opens the door to the information age.
Promoted Edusat programs.
10.What is internal trade?
The trade which is carried on within the domestic territory of a country is known as internal trade.
It is also known as local trade.
Internal trade is mostly based on the nation’s currency.
It promotes a balanced regional growth in the country.
11.What is international trade?
International trade is carried on between two or more countries.
International trade is also known as external trade.
International trade is carried on with foreign currency.
It leads to rapid economic progress of a country.
12.What is bilateral trade?
Bilateral trade is a trade carried out between two countries based on the agreement deal of not using currency for payment.
In this trade a country sells its surplus goods to a needy country and in return buys an equally valuable required goods from the country.
13.What is multilateral trade?
Multilateral trade is a trade carried out between many countries.
In this trade a country sells its surplus goods to the needy country and gets revenue.
It buys the required goods from another country by using the same revenue.
14.What is balance of trade?
The difference between the values of export and import of a country is called Balance of trade.
15.What is favorable balance of trade?
If the value of export in a country is higher than the value of import, then the trade in that country is said to be favorable balance of trade. For example Japan.
16.What is unfavorable balance of trade?
If the value of important in a country is higher than the value of export then the trade in that country will be called as unfavourable balance of trade in that country. For example India
17.How are rode classified in India?
The roads are classified into Village roads, District roads, State Highways, National Highways, Golden Quadrilteral Super Highways, Expressways, Border Roads and International Highways.
18.What are village roads?
Village roads link different village with towns.
They are maintained by village panchayats. In India village roads run to a length of 26,50,000kms.
19.What are district roads?
District Roads link the towns with the district headquarters.
They are maintained by the Corporations and Municipalities.
In India they run to a total length of 4,67,763kms.
20.What are the advantages of waterways?
Waterways are the cheapest means of transport. They are most suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods at low cost.
It is a fuel efficient and environment friendly mode of trnsport.
21.What are inland water ways?
The water in the form of rivers, canals and backwaters are called inland water ways.
22.Mention the four major ship building yards of India?
Hindustan shipyard at Vishakapatnam.
Garden reach workshop at Kolkata.
Mazagaon Dock at Mumbai.
Kochi shipyard at Kochi.

8.REMOTE SENSING

1.what is meant by remote sensing?
Remote sensing can be defined as the collection of data about an object from a distance.
2.What are the disadvantages of ground survey?
Ground survey takes many months to study about the resources of a region.
This survey is hindered by dense forests. Rugged terrain, sandy deserts and unpredictable weather.
3.Mention the basic components of remote sensing?
The target, energy source, transmission path and sensor are the four basic components of remote sensing.
4.Define GIS?
Geograhical Information System (GIS) is a systematic integration of Computer Hardware, Software and Spatial Data, for capturing, storing, displaying, updating, manipulating and analyzing all forms of geographically referenced date.
5.Mention any two applications of GIS?
Power companies use GIS to monitor and analyse the electricity load on the gird network for a particular area.
Transport companies use GIS to locate shortest routes for delivering goods and to save time.
6.What are the uses of GPS?
GPS is used in Surveying, Map-making, Navigation, Cellular Telephoney, and Geofencing.
It is used in Navigation, Target tracking, Missile and projectile guidance, Search and Rescue, and Reconnaissance.
GPS is a useful tool for commerce, scientific uses, tracking and surveillance.
Gps accurate timing facilitates everyday activities such as banking. Mobile phone operations, and even the control of power grids.
Farmers, surveyors, geologists and countless other perform their work more efficiently, safely, economically, and accurately because GPS helps them with information.
7.What are sensors?
Sensors are mechanical devices with which the geographers do remote sensing of the environment.
These sensors receive and record information about earth’s object without any physical contact.
8.What is photogrammetry?
The process of comparing different aerial photographs and computing accurate measurements is called photogrammetry.
9.Write about the two types of energy sources?
The two types are Passive system and Active system.
Passive system:-ie sun ,irradiance from earth’s materials.
Active system:-ie irradiance from artificially generated sources like radar.
10.What are the components of GIS?
An input system that allows for the collected data to be used and anslyzed for some purpose.
Computer hardware and software systems that store the data, allow for data management and analysis.
An output system that generates hard copy of maps, image, and other types of output.
11.What is Global Positioning System?
Global Positioning System is a space-based global navigation setellite system that provides reliable location and time information in all weather and at all times.
12.What are the three parts of the Global positioning system?
The space segment
The control segment
The user segment
 

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